In 2011, Stanford University professor Kevin Arrigo and a team of researchers made an unexpected discovery beneath the Arctic ice, publishing their findings with Science: a large bloom of phytoplankton flourishing where it shouldn't have been able to survive. Phytoplankton, microscopic organisms that produce oxygen through photosynthesis, need sunlight to thrive. Due to the thickness and reflectivity of ice in the Arctic, however, scientists had long assumed that it would be impossible for...